Greek Culture Essay

The Greek culture is one of the richest ancient cultures in the world. There are many aspects of this culture that has made it remain unique for centuries. The Greek culture has been evolving over the years and we can easily link this ancient culture with the modern day life. This will be the center of our discussion below where we’ll also look at ways in which one can understand the Greece culture better (Christiane. 2001). What makes Greek Culture Interesting? One thing that distinguished that Greece culture is the diversity. While many cultures of the time had only one ethnic group, the Greek culture had a number of cultures within one culture making it unique. The major characteristics of this culture were wines, food, religion, music and language. Greece culture was known to value traditions and customs very deeply. Every person in Greece was expected to follow these traditions to the letter. Religion was also crucial in the Greek culture with the largest population being made up of Christians while the rest were Muslims. The Greek culture was also famous for its architecture. The Greek people had unique designs of building various structures like temples and churches. The famous pyramids of Egypt have their origin in Greece. The Greek people are known of being proud of their culture as they view it as one that represents their nationality (Carol. 2008). Connections between the Greek Culture and Today One of the major connections that is seen between this ancient culture and the modern society is the celebration of religious festivals. This culture which is very common in today’s society began in the Greek culture and is still being practiced to date. The arts of the ancient Greece have survived the test of times and it is still used in modern day society as decorations (Christiane. 2001). The art of the Greek culture is commonly available in form of sculptures in today’s society. Yet another aspect that has been borrowed by the modern culture from the Greek culture is the building aspect. Almost all churches, mosques and temples in the modern day society have borrowed the designs from ancient Greek culture. The theatres and cinemas that are common in today’s society also originated from the ancient Greece. Perhaps due the fact that this culture is popular and famous throughout the world, it has evolved and is lowly finding its way in almost every culture of the world. This culture is greatly values as it is seen as link between the ancient society and today’s society (Carol. 2008). How to Understand the Greek Culture Better In order to understand the Greek culture better it one needs to read widely regarding this particular culture. Unlike other ancient cultures, the Greek culture has many sources from which one can learn and understand this ancient culture better. It is important to have background of this culture as it was one of the richest ancient cultures, and one which has survived the test of times as there are many aspects of this culture that have been borrowed by the modern culture. In order to enhance the Greek culture in the modern society even further it is important to embrace diversity just as it was in the Greek culture. There was harmony in this culture and people from many diversities lived together happily. References Carol. D. et al. (2008). The cultures within ancient Greek culture: contact, conflict, collaboration. New York: Cambridge University Press. Christiane. S. (2001). Reading’ Greek culture: texts and images, rituals and myths, New York: University of Virginia: Clarendon Press.

Postmodernism and Feminism

Ailene Brukman-Stivi Professor: Haim Deuel Lusky Postmodernism and Feminism The question of what happened to feminism during the postmodern times is not easily encapsulated in one phrase or idea as it is actually an amalgam of often purposely ambiguous and fluid ideas. One would have to start researching about postmodernism and what it means, let alone search about the history of feminism and its development. After one would research a little bit about postmodernism he or she would realize the knowledge about modernism is also extremely crucial to understand fully about postmodernism and feminism.Therefore this writing will conclude a few words about modernism. How did we as a culture develop into a postmodernist era? And of course how does this era have to do with feminism? This research paper will include different critiques about the subject of postmodernism and feminism as well. Before starting the writing on reviews, critiques and more in depth research of our subject I would li ke to give a general description, and background research, I would like to start with the two main terms: Feminism and postmodernism. FeminismRozen Tali, the writer of the book, What Is Feminism Anyways. Opens her book saying that she never really understood what feminism is exactly. She says people just call her a feminist every time she speaks her opinion about â€Å"differentiating her and a floor rag. † She writes about a sentence that was said in 1913 by a woman, was a British reporter, by the name Rebecca West, saying that if you are waiting for a current and modern definition of feminism, you have nothing to wait for. There is no definition. It is not that a definition does not exist, it exists and that is a for sure thing.It’s just that, there are so many definitions that there is no specific one. (Rozen) Rozen writes that the word ‘feminism’ actually was born about one hundred years ago. In the beginning this word was used as a medical term for a man that has female characteristics. As time passed the word feminism turned in to a term in the psychological world; also got a negative connotation to it, but this time not a male with female characteristics, but as a description of a woman with male character. Examples of a diagnosis for â€Å"feminism† would be like desire to study, courageous, and ambition.Tali Rozen gives a great example of this psychological diagnosis; thirty years ago, people said about the governor of the state of Israel, Golda Meir, that she is â€Å"the only man in the government† and until today the best way to describe a great woman in business is to say â€Å"she got balls. † The reincarnation of the term feminism indicates and highlights the problem of the actual term itself. Not only it was used in negative connotation but also millions in the past and even today have a hard time to define feminism.In the dictionary feminism is written to be the ideology of the emancipation of wo men. According to this definition, there is something in common to all the definitions and ideas that is, the one important belief that women suffer from injustice because of their sex. Rozen Suggests that instead of getting confused with the actual meaning of the word we can agree on the definition: Feminism is a theory that is based on the point of view of a woman, and that point of view give new light to knowledge that already exist.This knowledge could come from anywhere, film, literature, history, everything. But that does not mean that every woman that analyzes a specific subject, is doing a feministic act. To look and analyze something from a woman’s perspective means to put a woman in the center of the discussion. Bottom line is that, the question of what is feminism is not one answer. Rozen asks and answers: is feminism a woman who stands and fight for their right, yes. And is feminism a movement of freedom? Yes!Is it the history of half humanity? Also yes. And there is much more to what is feminism. Postmodernism Postmodernism represents the converge of three distinct cultural trends. These include an attack on the austerity and functionalism of modern art; the philosophical attack on structuralism, spear-headed in the 1970s by poststructuralist scholars such as Jacque Derrida, Michel Foucault and Gilles Deleuze; and the economic theories of postindustrial society developed by sociologist such as Daniel Bell and Alain Touraine. Callinicos 1989) In the book of Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Postmodern condition, where he summarized postmodernism as above all maintaining â€Å"an incredulity toward metanarratives† (1984:xxiii-iv, 5). Postmodernists, he argues, questions the assumption of the modern age, particularly the belief that rational thought and technological innovation can guarantee progress and enlightenment to humanity. They doubt the ability of thinkers from the West either to understand the world or to prescribe solutions for it.T he grand theories of t past, whether liberal or Marxist, have been dismissed as products of an age when Europeans and North Americans mistakenly believed in their own invincibility. The metanarratives of such thought are no longer seen as â€Å"truth,† but simply as privileged discourses that deny and silence competeing dissident voices. (Merchant & Parpart) Michel Foucault, one of the leading postmodernist (and poststructuralist) thinkers, has emphasized the inadequacies of metanarratives and the need to examine the specificities of power and its relation to knowledge and language (discourse. He dismisses â€Å"reason† as a fiction and sees â€Å"truth† as simply a partial, localized version of â€Å"reality† transformed into a fixed form in the long process of history. He argues that discourse- a historical, socially and institutionally specific structure of statements, terms, categories, and beliefs- is the site of where meanings are contested and powe r relations determined (Scott 1988:36. ) The ability to control knowledge and meaning, not only through writing but also through disciplinary and professional institutions, and in social relations, is the key to understanding and exercising power relations in society.According to Foucault, the false power of hegemonic knowledge can be challenged by counter-hegemonic discourses which offer alternative explanation of â€Å"reality† (Foucault 1972; 1979; 1980. ) The search to understand the construction of social meaning has led postmodernists/ poststructuralist scholars to recognize the contingent of the subject. As Judith Butler points out, â€Å"No subject is its own point of departure† (Butler, 1992; 9) Jacque Derrida (1976) emphasizes the crucial role played by binary opposites.Indeed, he argues that Western philosophy largely rests on opposites, such as truth/falsity, unity/diversity, or man/woman, whereby the nature and primacy of the first term is also superior to the second. These pairs are as embedded in the definition of their opposite as they are I the nature of the object being defined, and they shape our understanding in complex and often unrecognized ways. In order to better understand this process, Derrida and others have alled for the critical deconstruction of texts (both written and oral) and greater attention to the way differences, particularly those embedded in binary thinking, are constructed and maintained (Culler 1982) To conclude, postmodernist thinkers reject universal, simplified definitions of social phenomena, which, they argue, essentialize reality and fail to reveal the complexity of life as a lived experience. Drawing on this critique, postmodernists have rejected the search for broad generalizations.They emphasize the need for local, specific and historically informed analysis, carefully grounded in both spatial and cultural contexts. Above all, they call for the recognition and celebration of differences, the impor tance of encouraging the recovery of previously silenced voices and an acceptance of the partial nature of all knowledge claims and thus the limits of knowing. (Marchand &Papart) Postmodernism/feminism Today in the postmodernism era, the women’s identity is not stable, it changes.Postmodern researchers are against this idea, because the â€Å"I† is an autonomic identity that is disconnected from the social conversation. Also feminists and feminist writers, that identify themselves with the postmodernists, are objecting the enlightenment period; because there is an existent subject and because there is a possibility to reach the objective truth through the â€Å"bina† and the straight mind. (Zaken) Zaken claims that feminism is actually leaning on postmodern values, and it exists today to breakdown and defragment in a new way the idea or word â€Å"the woman. Simone de Beauvoir, a French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, femin ist, and social theorist. While she did not consider herself a philosopher, de Beauvoir had a significant influence on both feminist existentialism and feminist theory. She had claimed that a woman is not born a woman, she is made a woman. Female traits are built through social influence and not biological destiny.She sees the social construction of femininity, which in it exists the subject; isn’t she a woman, the woman who thinks of herself as a woman, in a specific situation that her environment creates. A great example is the fact that most girls and boys play with their gender’s toys, girls with Barbies and dolls while boys with trucks and cars. From her article, The Ethics Ambiguity, comes up that women have internalized their gender hierarchy, to the point where it is hard for them to disconnect from their hierarchal position.Simone de Beauvoir came to a conclusion, in which the female subject had suffered from suppression- the woman is ‘different,’ lower, inferior in relation to men, and because of this suppression, the independence of a woman is destroyed in social situations. With that, there is an argument between postmodernism and feminism, which due to a postmodern claim, that power does not control and there is no axioms like private/public, or motherhood. If there is no category â€Å"woman,† then woman can be anything. She is free from the stereotype and the coercing.That being said, there is no general and unified identity for women. Feminists have responded to postmodern ideas in a number of ways. The strongest opposition has come from feminists working in the liberal (modern) or Marxist traditions, both of which are embedded in Enlightenment thinking (modern era). Liberal feminists, who have been preoccupied with policy formulation and the improvement of women’s statues within the structures of western thought and society, generally write as if postmodern critiques have little or no applicability for their own work.The possibility of â€Å"modernization† and â€Å"progress† may be unobtainable and undesirable goals in a postmodern world have rarely been considered by liberals working within these structures. (like World Bank, United Nations, and the International Labor Organization) Mackinnon Catherine’s influence on shaping feminism is extremely deep in the 80s and the first years of the 90s, so deep that the different â€Å"post-feministic† currents, in many ways are â€Å"post-Mackinnon,† and to be exact, â€Å"anti-Mackinnon. † Therefore whoever wants to become familiar with the feministic thinking there is no better place to do so with Mackinnon’s variables.The starting point of Mackinnon’s feminism is that the group of women are discriminated against and oppressed by the group of men, which are first and foremost caused by the way sexuality is built by society. According to Mackinnon, sexuality is the subject that its social patriarchal meaning changes the men to be in control and the women to be controlled. Dr Yaakov Gorbitz, in his book, â€Å"Postmodernism- Culture and Literature in the End of The 20th Century,† writes on the issue of feminism that modernism and postmodernism needs to remind us of two main phases: the first, the woman who tries to stand and tries to fortify herself against the en. -This is the model where women rebel against men and say we are not going to take of hair from our legs, we will not give you the pleasure of wanting a â€Å"feminine† woman. In the postmodern stage the woman understands that the seed of the problem is that she is always looking at herself in relation to men, and contrary to them, and so she says; â€Å"I am allowed to put makeup on and take care of my beauty- and not for the man but for me or for my friends. † When a woman stops being just an opposite model of a man she can internalize some new heterogeneity.Some feminists beli eve feminist theory has always dealt with postmodern issues and indeed, has more to offer women than male-centric postmodern writers. Feminist anthropologists, Frances Mascia-Lees, Patricia Sharpe and Colleen Cohen (1989), attack postmodern anthropology for it's profoundly sexists nature, nothing that studies such as George Marcus and Michael Fischer's Anthropology as Culture Critique, ignore feminist contributions to the discussion of the â€Å"other† and long-standing feminist critiques of Western notions of â€Å"truth. † Michel FoucaultContrary to liberals and Marxists, Foucault did not see the mechanisms of power in society, as something held by groups or institutions in society, and which does not exist for others; distribution that enables the control of a group of other parts of the society. Foucault referred to †political power†, as network relationships, imaginary strings interwoven within the community, and he saw no, one dominant factor, such as the state or economic elite. This means that in a society there are power centers that are not subject to economic relations (such as madhouses, for example).Foucault goes on to argue with the liberals and the Marxists. According to them every relationship, in which forces, is characterized by imposing restrictions and denial of freedoms. He argued that this approach stems from the fact that they recognize the political power with the legal system and enforcement. But for him, it is only one of the forms of expression of political power, embodied throughout history. Foucault examines the relationship between institutions (social) and the body (human). He opposes the very concept of â€Å"sexuality. According to him, in the 19th century, when sexuality was taboo, it increased desire to break the taboo and talk about sex, that also created behaviors which were categorized as social deviance. For example, sex between men, were â€Å"homosexual. † This was a setting, which has reference for those people, people who were born different. This is one of Foucault's contributions to understanding the relationship between sexual orientation and identity. According to Foucault, identity is created as part of a dialogue, in particular power relations in society.He demonstrates the change in sex ratio from permissiveness of the Middle Ages, where words related to sex revealed associations of â€Å"pleasures† and â€Å"alliance†, and the language of the 19th century, which has the sex talk not allowed or shameful to talk about. Hence, definitions of â€Å"heterosexual† and â€Å"homosexuality† are the product of modern times, from the 19th – century. As someone who has studied the sexual discourse in society, Foucault argued that the discourse on sexuality limits and defines the sexual content and created a social pattern. Once we understand how we talk about sex, we understand sexuality.That is, language reflects the thinking and perception also on sex and sexuality. The mechanisms of power in sexuality, expressed the distinction between what and what is not acceptable in society. Namely, that the discourse on sexuality is a society regime (as expressions of political power mechanisms); language created a situation, when the subject of sex is brought up, the person might feel sinful (sexual). Feeling which helps to suppress the desire for sex, because that person did not want to feel a sinner. The goal behind this repression is, to get the â€Å"different† forms of sex out of the people.That is, except for the non-reproductive sex. The society defines normal sexual norms, from early childhood to old age. Whoever goes beyond the norm, is placed under the situation of the â€Å"controlled mechanism† in order to create helpful sexual drive economically and politically beneficial to society. These mechanisms determine what is allowed and what is not right in society and what is wrong. Foucault arg ued that since the 18th century, the deviation began to violate the law (courts could, not so long ago, to convict homosexuals or partners who betrayed their spouse).By, new sexual settings, to different sexual behaviors (that were always there but never received cultural significance) changed the face of society. This means social definition creates the identity. The new terms â€Å"gay,† â€Å"lesbian† and â€Å"straight†, are the result of modern discourse, which created categorization and sub-categories of conversation. The term â€Å"homosexuality† has two interpretations, one, sexual preference. Second meaning is social labeling. This labeling is the concept of the rule of the person which identifies himself or herself, as †gay†. That is, each character turns shades of defining sexual identity.Experts (such as pedagogues, psychologists and psychiatrists), can be social power, which determine the legitimate content – normal and ide ntify the pathological contents of a person. Their power, according to Foucault, is due to their proximity to the dominant group in society, the bourgeoisie and the political elite. Extreme conclusion is that gender regime serves the interests of those groups, and that by using the institutions of marriage and heterosexuality. (Zaken) Conclusion Society is the cause of sexual identity and what makes the difference between sexual orientation, and how we identify who we are; A woman or a man.But there is change occurring and there could be more change as soon as we, as a society start â€Å"unlabeling† and just living with all types of sexual orientation, genders, and labels that are not labeled. This is all through a social process, of course. A note, it is extremely crucial to know the difference between sex and gender, because then we are giving legitimacy to popular belief, commemorating the situation in which women are subject to male social order. This follows the histori cal tradition of the patriarchal family and society.This approach considers the biological differences between the sexes, as the distribution of the different roles. In other words, gender inequality is prevailing social perceptions. Ultimately, the goal is to get into a relationship of equality between men and women in society, there would be no more women who are discriminated against on the basis of sex and / or gender. For, as de Beauvoir said, man and woman, depend on each other for sex and continuity of human society. Thus, each and every one will be able to shape their identity in accordance with their wishes and needs, and not according to social codes dictated and dried. ———————————————— Work Cited * Ankersmith, F. R. (1990) â€Å"Reply to Professor Zagorin,† History and Theory 29, 3: 275-96 * Beauvoir de Simone. The Ethics of Ambiguity. 1949. Translated by Bernard Frechten: Citadel Press, 2006 * Beauvoir de Simone. The Second Sex. 1949. Translated by Parshley, Penguin 1972. * Butler, J. (1992) â€Å"Contingent Foundations: Feminism and the Question of Postmodernism,† in J. Butler and J. W. Scott (eds) Feminists Theorize the Political, New York and London: Routledge. * Collinicos, A. (1989) Against Postmodernism, Oxford: Polity Press. Culler, J. (1982) On Deconstruction: Theory and criticism after structuralism, Ithaca, NY: Cornell university Press. * Evans, Judith. Feminist Theory Today: An Introduction to Second-Wave Feminism. London: SAGE publication, 1995. * Foucault, M. * † (1972) The Archaeology of knowledge and the Discourse on Language, New York: Tavistock Publications & Harper Colophon. * â€Å"(1979) (published in French, 1975) Discipline and Punish, Translated by S. Sheridan, New York: Penguin Books. * † (1980) Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977, translated by C. Gordon, New York: Harvest Press. Jameson, F. (1990) Postmodernism or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism, Durham, NC: Duke University Press. * Mackinnon A Catherine, â€Å"Sexuality, Pornography and Methods- Pleasure under Patriarchy,† Towards a Feminist Theory of the State, 1990. Translated and Permission of Harvard University Press. Reprinted by Permission of Catherine A Mackinnon, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, Copy Right c 1989 by Catherine Mackinnon. * Marchand H. Marianne and Parpart L. Jane. Feminism/Postmodernism/Development. London: Routledge, 1995. * Mascia-Lees, F. Sharpe, P. and Cohen, C.B (1989) â€Å"The Postmodernist Turn in Anthropology: Cautions from a Feminist Perspective,† Signs 15, 1: 394-408. * Palmer, I (1990) Gender and Population in the Adjustment of African Economics; Planning for Change, Women, Work and Development Series No. 19, Geneva: International Labour Organization. * Rozen, Tali. What is Feminism Anyway? And Why don’t we know anything about it. Tel Aviv: Zmora Bitan, 2000. * Scott, J. W. (1988) â€Å"Deconstructing Equality – versus Differences: Or the Use of Poststructuralist Theory of Feminism,† Feminist Studies14, 1: 33-50. * Sylvester Christine. Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era.Cambridge University Press, 1994. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Some western scholars, most notably Marxist reject postmodernism as dangerous and naive (Callinicos 1989; palmer 1990. ) Others , while sympathetic to Marxism, see Postmodernism as an outgrowth of the culture of late capitalism. Fredrick Jameson, for example, endorses an approach which draws on the strength of postmodernism without abandoning political action (Jameson 1991. ) Some scholars find postmodernism’s emphasis on difference and multiplicity useful for their work and not necessarily inimical to other app roaches (Ankersmit 1990; Parkash 1990)

Personality Traits From Jung Typology Test Essay - 1323 Words

Throughout this paper, I am going to talk about the personality â€Å"ENFJ†. ENFJ is one of the personality traits from Jung Typology Test. E stands for Extroversion, N stands for Intuition, F stands for feelings, and the J stands for Judging. All of the letter comes with different personality types. During this exercise I learned about this personality ENFJ. Some of the personality traits are good people skills, strong organizational skills, creative, imaginative, loyal, and committed. Some strengthens are good verbal communication skills, motivational, inspiring to others, and affectionate. Some weakness are tendency to be smothering, manipulative at times, controlling, and putting someone else needs over my own. I will talk about different career paths that fit my personality. Last but not least, how I treat my loves one and friends? Step 1 Personality Traits After completing my personality test, I am considered to be the giver (ENFJ). ENFJ primary mode of living is where you deal with things according to how you feel about them or how they fit with my personality. Secondary mode is internal where you take things in primarily via your intuition. One of main interest is giving love, support, and good time to other people. (Meyers-Briggs). ENFJ personality focus more on individuals rather than themselves. I have excellent people skills. I bring out the best in other people. I am a straight forward person and very honest. I am full of potential,Show MoreRelatedThe Myers Briggs Type Indicator1502 Words   |  7 PagesMyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) test was developed by Katherine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Myers in the early 20th century. Their dedication to developing this test was inspired by the work of Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung who introduced the theory of psychological types. The personality test taken, identified me as an ISTJ with the temperament of SJ. 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Gender Is A Social Construction - 1213 Words

S One cannot talk about social interactions in society without talking about gender. Gender is part of According to Macionis (2015), gender is â€Å"the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male†. Most societies only view gender as being either male or female. An individual must portray their gender correctly in order to be normal in society. Meaning a woman must act feminine and a man must act masculine. However, what happens when an individual chooses not to â€Å"do† gender? How does society respond to those who do not participate in â€Å"doing gender†? In order to answer these questions we will have to explore what it means to say that gender is a social construction and what is means to â€Å"do† gender. 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In the reading â€Å"Naming All the Parts† it focused on how when doctors view genitalia to decide the gender they say there is a penis orRead MoreSocial Construction of Gender1183 Words   |  5 Pagesexactly is â€Å"Gender† and what a â€Å"Social Construct† means. GENDER In a layman’s language, Gender is simply the distinction between male and female. However, if we look deeper in well, we will notice the gender construction starts with the association of sex category at the time of birth. Sex is the biological distinction between a man and a woman and gender is based on sex. A sex category becomes a gender status through naming, dress and the use of other gender marksRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender978 Words   |  4 PagesSociologist Peter Berger wrote in his â€Å"Invitation to Sociology† book that â€Å"social reality has layers of meaning, and the discovery of each new layer changes the perception of the whole.† (Berger 1963). 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Judith Lorber wrote an essay called, The Social Construction of Gender. The essay was included in the textbook, Women s Lives. A textbook written by Gwyn Kirk and Margo Okinawa Rey. â€Å"Women’s Lives† is a Feminist focused compilation of essays. As well as, cultural analysis of women globally. Lorber is one of many authors who wrote essays regarding gender for â€Å"Women’s Lives. Lorber argues gender constantly changes due to social interaction. A societyRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Gender Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesownership of their bodies. The first article is â€Å"The Social Construction of Gender† by Judith Lorber. In this essay she states that sex and gender is constructed through the society in which we live and that, â€Å"Gender is so pervasive that in our society we assume it is bred into our genes† (Lorber, 64). 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Chadwick - 983 Words

Euro Challenge 2012 The Current Economic Situation The Euro Area Economic Situation – March 2012 The euro area economy as a whole contracted (i.e., growth was negative) at the end of 2011. In 2012, the euro area will likely undergo a mild recession (a period of negative growth) but is expected to stage a gradual recovery in the second half of this year. Already, there are signs of stabilization, and recent measures taken by the ECB and European leaders are helping to overcome the euro crisis. Key concepts Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the value of all goods and services produced in a geographical region over a period of time (years, quarters, months). GDP growth tells you by how much GDP increased in a given†¦show more content†¦In January 2012, the average unemployment rate for the euro area rose to 10.7%. This means that one out of ten workers is out of a job. In some countries, young people are particularly affected (e.g., Spain, Greece). 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Market Expansion and Productivity Growth

Question: Discuss about a Case Study on Market Expansion and Productivity Growth? Answer: Introduction Entering any trade section of a market takes a gigantic amount of effective and efficient efforts from the management of the firm and the new boutique firm is not an exception (Baldwin and Yan 2012). The business plan will analyse all the market entry methods and select the best suited one for the boutique. Moreover, the study will also showcase the entire fiscal position of the firm after in- depth scrutiny of the market and its demands. Estimation will also be provided regarding various sections of finance of the boutique that will include profit and loss statement, projected cash flow, sales estimation and balance sheet. Market Entry Strategy The boutique as planned will carry out its trade operations in city centre of London; hence, there is a possibility of a huge rush in the counters once the boutique offers an eye catching discount on its products as a opening ceremony attraction. The four market entries method within which the boutique can choose from are stated below: Low cost leadership Differentiation Strategy (Lymbersky 2009) Cost focus Differentiation focus (Marketing Donut 2016) Figure 1: Market entry strategies (Source: Byun and Ahn 2009) The boutique will use an amalgamated strategy of low cost leadership and differentiation strategy which will enable them to attract massive amount of consumers. Moreover, the boutique will use price penetration strategy as their pricing strategy, where the price will be lowered initially and will increase with rise in demands (Hoernig 2014). Market Growth Strategy According to Chang and Chiu (2009), achieving success and growing smoothly within any business domain is one of the most challenging tasks that the management has to face during the initial set up of the company. The same is also applicable for the boutique and hence, the adopting and implementing the strategic growth of the Ansoff matrix will be executed by the boutique. Figure 2: Ansoff Matrix (Source: Businesscasestudies.co.uk 2016) As already discussed the will adopt the price penetration strategy, which will enable them to achieve the best possible in terms of attracted customers (Chakrabarti, Vidal and Mitchell 2011). Moreover, price penetration is one of the most popular pricing strategies within the clothing and retail industry as there are uncountable numbers of competitors operating within the market. Operational Issues The actual fabrication and development of a firms services and products are best highlighted from its operational and logistical divisions (Essling 2011). All the operational sections and its role in the business process of the boutique are stated below: Location The Boutique will be located in the City Centre of London, and being one of the busiest market places of the country, the place will throw in massive business opportunity in the path of the firm. Employees The total numbers of employees in the boutique will 4, which will consist of 3 staff members and 1 supervisor. However, apart from these 4 employees, the boutique will require to either employing or searching manpower to work as freelancers for other requirements of business such as production, designing and IT services. Production The production department of the boutique will disguised play the most pivotal role among the entire business process, as the quality of garments will depend on the skills of the employed workers within this division of the firm (Gunay 2009). Therefore, the boutique will require to employee at least 4 to 5 capable workers to bring out the best and differentiated products within the market and to its customers. Inventory Some nominal and basic inventory will be required within the boutique which will include one computer/ laptop, posters, stock of garments, chairs, and drinking waiter facility. Design Unit This section will employ only 1 employee, who will have the sole responsibility to provide the production department with unique and differentiated designs of garments. Finance Unit 1 skilled and experienced financial supervisor will be employed and as it is a small business for the time being, the concerned person will not face any sort of excessive work pressure problems. Financial Projections The reasonable estimation and financial projection of the Boutique has been provided below, which is based on the first year of operation. The start up assets needed for the boutique and the Sources of funding the same has been presented below. Estimated Budget for opening the retail showroom Amount Logo and creation of name $1,000 Stationery $1,500 Telephone an utilities $2,000 packaging $2,500 Business Supplies $600 Real Estate Attorney and CPA $2,500 Gran Opening Event $3,000 Signage $1,500 POS System $3,500 Bank Card machine and supplies $400 Build- out $15,000 Business Inventory Insurance $2,500 Travel- market buying trips $2,250 Total Start up expense $38,250 Start - up assets $18,200 Start - up Inventory $80,000 Other current assets $0 Long- term assets $15,000 Total assets $1,13,200 Total Requirements $1,51,450 Table 1: Start up assets (Source: Created by author) Sources of Funds Owners' and other investments $71,000 Bank loans $80,450 Other loans $ - Total Source of Funds $1,51,450 Use of Funds Buildings/real estate $ - Leasehold improvements $20,000 Capital equipment $35,000 Location/administration expenses $5,800 Opening inventory $9,000 Advertising/promotional expenses $4,000 Other expenses $1,200 Contingency fund $4,000 Working capital $72,450 Total Use of Funds $1,51,450 Table 1: Sources of Funds (Source: Created by author) Pricing Projection The pricing of the garments will be underpinned in the tag at its real price but a attracting and mindboggling discount will be provided as the special occasion of the opening ceremony of the boutique. The sales estimation of the boutique is presented below: Description January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Sales $51,414 $56,555 $62,211 $68,432 $75,275 $82,803 $91,083 $1,00,191 $1,10,210 $1,21,232 $1,33,355 $1,46,690 $10,99,452 Table 2: Sales Estimation (Source: Created by author) Graph 1: Sales Estimation (Source: Created by author) The above table and graph shows that the boutique will not be able to sell huge amount of garments in the first month despite of providing a huge discount but will successful attract consumers and hence the sale will go up by 10 % each month (Longbrake 2013). However, another noticeable element is that the boutique due to its price penetration will be able to start from a standard amount of sales from the very beginning month of operation. Projected Income / PF Statement The projected profit and loss statement of the boutique for the first year of its operation is presented below: Description January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Sales $51,414 $56,555 $62,211 $68,432 $75,275 $82,803 $91,083 $1,00,191 $1,10,210 $1,21,232 $1,33,355 $1,46,690 $10,99,452 COGS $52,477 $52,477 $52,477 $52,477 $52,477 $52,477 $52,477 $52,477 $52,477 $52,477 $52,477 $52,477 $6,29,724 Gross Margin $1,063 ($4,078) $9,734 $15,955 $22,798 $30,326 $38,606 $47,714 $57,733 $68,755 $80,878 $94,213 $4,63,697 Gross Margin % $2 ($8) $19 $30 $43 $58 $74 $91 $110 $131 $154 $180 $74 Expense Accounting / Legal $2,154 $1,157 $1,059 $1,045 $456 $889 $778 $889 $1,114 $1,023 $658 $778 $75,000 Bad Debts $2,278 $2,245 $2,047 $2,094 $3,150 $1,547 $1,568 $3,883 $2,169 $2,017 $1,256 $1,457 $44,112 Shrinkage $10,000 $15,000 $22,000 $5,000 $7,000 $11,000 $8,000 $4,000 $3,500 $2,500 $1,200 $800 $0 Credit Card Fees $1,254 $2,478 $1,382 $1,587 $1,947 $1,568 $1,489 $1,948 $1,457 $1,647 $2,114 $1,697 $7,356 Insurance $6,250 $6,250 $6,250 $6,250 $6,250 $6,250 $6,250 $6,250 $6,250 $6,250 $6,250 $6,250 $17,460 Miscellaneous $3,478 $3,120 $3,654 $3,987 $3,654 $4,103 $4,102 $3,602 $3,687 $3,469 $3,002 $4,254 $12,342 Payroll Taxes $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $20,928 Permits and Licenses $1,047 $156 $546 $567 $423 $1,078 $706 $564 $445 $598 $778 $448 $3,25,477 Rent $1,455 $1,455 $1,455 $1,455 $1,455 $1,455 $1,455 $1,455 $1,455 $1,455 $1,455 $1,455 $17,460 Salaries $1,028 $1,029 $1,029 $1,029 $1,029 $1,029 $1,029 $1,028 $1,028 $1,028 $1,028 $1,028 $12,342 Wages $1,744 $1,744 $1,744 $1,744 $1,744 $1,744 $1,744 $1,744 $1,744 $1,744 $1,744 $1,744 $20,928 Total Expenses $30,688 $34,634 $41,166 $24,758 $27,108 $30,663 $27,121 $25,363 $22,849 $21,731 $19,485 $19,911 $5,53,405 Net Profit ($29,625) ($38,712) ($31,432) ($8,803) ($4,310) ($337) $11,485 $22,351 $34,884 $47,024 $61,393 $74,302 $10,31,810 Net Profit Sales $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $13 $22 $32 $39 $46 $51 $20,19,508 Table 3: Profit and Loss estimation (Source: Created by author) Graph 2: Profit and Loss estimation (Source: Created by author) The above table and graph clearly highlights the fact that the gross margin of the boutique in the month of February will be a loss of $ 4,078, which is due to removal of the discounts from the garments that was offered in the month of January. However, the gross margin in March will turn out to be around $9,734 that will be due to the huge amount of attracted customer base. Meanwhile, the net profit of the boutique has been forecast as below: Month Net Profit January ($29,625) February ($38,712) March ($31,432) April ($8,803) May ($4,310) June ($337) July $11,485 August $22,351 September $34,884 October $47,024 November $61,393 December $74,302 Net Profit Forecast (Source: Created by author) The forecast quiet reasonably highlights that the boutique will not be able to earn any sort of profit from its operating in the first 6 months, which is until June and will have the lowest net loss on June of $337. The turnaround point of the boutique can be said to be the month of July on which the firm will achieve its first profit of $11,485. Projected Cash Flow Statement The cash flow of the boutique for the first year of its operation within the market has been highlighted below along with detailed analysis of the same. Pro Forma Cash Flow January February March April May June July August September October November December Cash Received $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Cash from Operations $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Cash Sales $51,414 $56,555 $62,211 $68,432 $75,275 $82,803 $91,083 $1,00,191 $1,10,210 $1,21,232 $1,33,355 $1,46,690 Cash from Receivables $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Subtotal Cash from Operations $51,414 $56,555 $62,211 $68,432 $75,275 $82,803 $91,083 $1,00,191 $1,10,210 $1,21,232 $1,33,355 $1,46,690 Additional Cash Received $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Sales Tax $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 New Investment $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Subtotal Cash Received $51,414 $56,555 $62,211 $68,432 $75,275 $82,803 $91,083 $1,00,191 $1,10,210 $1,21,232 $1,33,355 $1,46,690 Expenditures Cash Spent $57,584 $57,584 $57,584 $57,584 $69,547 $69,547 $69,547 $69,547 $75,489 $75,489 $75,489 $75,489 Bills Paid $784 $831 $839 $848 $856 $865 $873 $882 $891 $900 $909 $918 Subtotal Spent on Operations $56,800 $56,753 $56,745 $56,736 $68,691 $68,682 $68,674 $68,665 $74,598 $74,589 $74,580 $74,571 Additional Cash Spent Sales Tax (10%) $5,680 $5,675 $5,674 $5,674 $6,869 $6,868 $6,867 $6,866 $7,460 $7,459 $7,458 $7,457 Subtotal Expenditures $62,480 $62,428 $62,419 $62,410 $75,560 $75,550 $75,541 $75,531 $82,058 $82,048 $82,038 $82,028 Net Cash Flow ($11,066) ($5,873) ($208) $6,022 ($285) $7,252 $15,542 $24,660 $28,153 $39,184 $51,317 $64,662 Cash Balance ($11,066) ($16,939) ($17,147) ($11,125) ($11,409) ($4,157) $11,385 $36,045 $64,198 $1,03,381 $1,54,698 $2,19,360 Table 4: Cash Flow Statement (Source: Created by author) Graph 3: Net Cash flow and Cash balance comparison (Source: Created by author) The cash flow statement clearly shows that the boutique will face scarcity of cash in the first 6 months of its operations as the business will run in loss. The situation will hit a turnaround element in the month of July as in that month the net cash flow and cash balance are estimated at $15,542 and $11,385 respectively. In the month of December, both the net cash flow and cash balance will go up to an estimated amount of $64,662 and $2, 19,360 respectively. Moving on to the comparison of net cash flow and cash balance, the fact can be easily derive from the graph that the cash balance of the boutique will require more time to turn into a positive amount than the net cash flow (Padoan and Mariani 2010). The first continuous positive net cash flow of the firm will be $7252 and first continuous positive cash balance will be $11,385. Projected Balance Sheet As opined by Roenfeldt and Osteryoung (2012), Balance Sheet of any business is the sole component that has the actual ability to let the stakeholders realise the exact fiscal position of the business at a certain point of time and hence, analysing the Projected Balance Sheet of the boutique is immensely pivotal, which is discussed below: Assets January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Current Assets Cash ($11,066) ($16,939) ($17,147) ($11,125) ($11,409) ($4,157) $11,385 $36,045 $64,198 $1,03,381 $1,54,698 $2,19,360 $5,17,224 Accounts Receivable $2,083 $2,083 $2,083 $2,083 $2,083 $2,083 $2,083 $2,083 $2,084 $2,084 $2,084 $2,084 $25,000 Inventory $1,166 $1,166 $1,166 $1,166 $1,167 $1,167 $1,167 $1,167 $1,167 $1,167 $1,167 $1,167 $14,000 Other Current Assets $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Total Current Assets ($7,817) ($13,690) ($13,898) ($7,876) ($8,159) ($907) $14,635 $39,295 $67,449 $1,06,632 $1,57,949 $2,22,611 $5,56,224 Long Term Assets Long Term Assets $12,041 $12,041 $12,041 $12,041 $12,042 $12,042 $12,042 $12,042 $12,042 $12,042 $12,042 $12,042 $1,44,500 Accumulated Depreciation $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Total Long Term Assets $22,375 $22,375 $22,375 $22,375 $22,375 $22,375 $22,375 $22,375 $22,375 $22,375 $22,375 $22,375 $2,68,500 Total Assets $14,558 $8,685 $8,477 $14,499 $14,216 $21,468 $37,010 $61,670 $89,824 $1,29,007 $1,80,324 $2,44,986 $8,24,724 Liabilities and Capital Current Liabilities Accounts Payable $2,416 $2,416 $2,416 $2,416 $2,417 $2,417 $2,417 $2,417 $2,417 $2,417 $2,417 $2,417 $29,000 Current Borrowing $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 $125 $1,500 Other Current Liabilities $2,375 $2,375 $2,375 $2,375 $2,375 $2,375 $2,375 $2,375 $2,375 $2,375 $2,375 $2,375 $28,500 Subtotal Current Liabilities $4,791 $4,791 $4,791 $4,791 $4,792 $4,792 $4,792 $4,792 $4,792 $4,792 $4,792 $4,792 $59,000 Long Term Liabilities $15,750 $15,750 $15,750 $15,750 $15,750 $15,750 $15,750 $15,750 $15,750 $15,750 $15,750 $15,750 $1,89,000 Total Liabilities $20,541 $20,541 $20,541 $20,541 $20,542 $20,542 $20,542 $20,542 $20,542 $20,542 $20,542 $20,542 $2,77,000 Paid In / Invested Capital $18,583 $18,583 $18,583 $18,583 $18,584 $18,584 $18,584 $18,584 $18,583 $18,583 $18,583 $18,583 $2,23,000 Total Capital $18,583 $18,583 $18,583 $18,583 $18,583 $18,583 $18,583 $18,583 $18,584 $18,584 $18,584 $18,584 $2,23,000 Total Liabilities and Capital $39,124 $39,124 $39,124 $39,124 $39,125 $39,125 $39,125 $39,125 $39,126 $39,126 $39,126 $39,126 $5,00,000 Table 5: Balance Sheet (Source: Created by author) The balance sheet clearly highlights the fact that the boutique will have to face a tough time until the month of June as the cash is estimated at a negative balance of -$4,175 and total current assets for the same month is estimated at -$907. Therefore, it can be quiet reasonably argued that the boutique needs to take special care of its fianc section until it have started achieving a positive cash flow (Velez-Pareja 2012). Identification of Finances and Resources The three major resources of the boutique are identified and elaborated below, which will enable the store to excel in its business operation with each passing month. Finance Resource The most imperative element needed is financial funding that will take care of all the start up expense of the boutique and hence, a loan of $80,450 will be taken from the bank (Markman and Phan 2011). Human Resource The employees selected for the boutique will play a massive role behind the success ratio of the firm. Hence, it is recommended that a capable employee is designated as the HR. Physical Resource The boutique will be located at the City centre of London and the apparels will consists of well renowned designers. Moreover, a nice interior along with sitting arrangements will be enough for the time being. Risk and Mitigation Three mitigation and risk have been identified by the boutique, which is elaborated below: What if the apparels and garments gets rejected by customers Rejection of the differentiated garments of the boutique is a major risk, which can be circumvented by advertising and dividing the section of garments as per their categories, which will ease up the selection process for the customers (Sette 2015). What if the store gets congested due to excessive users in time of sale and discount The only actual remedy is to enlarge the floor space, which will be a unnecessary waste if funds as the rush is predicted only in the discount periods (Pehrsson 2011). Therefore, the boutique needs to employ one more personnel, who will have the sole responsibility to get rid of the non- buying customers in a polite manner. Risk if business goes dead Threat of new entrants within the market is one of the most common and experienced threats or risks. This can become even worse if the idea and strategy of the boutique is leaked within the market and hence, the only remedy is assuring confidentiality of the concerned data documents, which should not be compromised under any circumstance. Reference List Baldwin, J. and Yan, B. 2012. Market Expansion and Productivity Growth: Do New Domestic Markets Matter as Much as New International Markets?. Journal of Economics Management Strategy, 21(2), pp.469-491. Businesscasestudies.co.uk, 2016. Ansoff's growth strategies - Growing a business by developing products and markets - Beiersdorf | Beiersdorf case studies and information | Business Case Studies. [online] Available at: https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/beiersdorf/growing-a-business-by-developing-products-and-markets/ansoffs-growth-strategies.html#axzz402nXOZmT [Accessed 13 Feb. 2016]. Byun, B. and Ahn, B. 2009. Growth of competitive strategy in the world market. Technovation, 9(8), pp.635-656. Chakrabarti, A., Vidal, E. and Mitchell, W. 2011. Business transformation in heterogeneous environments: The impact of market development and firm strength on retrenchment and growth reconfiguration. Global Strategy Journal, 1(1-2), pp.6-26. Chang, M. and Chiu, Y. 2009. The analysis of a price war strategy under market demand growth. Economic Modelling, 25(5), pp.868-875. Essling, C. 2011. Uncertainty, Flexibility, and Market Entry. SSRN Electronic Journal. Gunay, H. 2009. Strategic delay in market entry. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'Aconomique, 41(3), pp.998-1014. Hoernig, S. 2014. Market Penetration and Late Entry Strategies. SSRN Electronic Journal. Longbrake, W. 2013. Statistical Cost and Financial Analysis. Financial Management, 2(1), p.48. Lymbersky, C. 2009. Market entry strategies. Hamburg: Management Laboratory Press. Marketing Donut, 2016. Strategies for growing your business. [online] Available at: https://www.marketingdonut.co.uk/marketing/marketing-strategy/strategies-for-growing-your-business [Accessed 13 Feb. 2016]. Markman, G. and Phan, P. 2011. Competitive dynamics of entrepreneurial market entry. Cheltenham, Glos, UK: Edward Elgar. Padoan, P. and Mariani, F. 2010. Growth and Finance,. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 44(1), pp.77-112. Pehrsson, A. 2011. Firms' customer responsiveness: relationships with competition, market growth, and performance. Journal of Strategy and Mgt, 4(4), pp.347-364. Roenfeldt, R. and Osteryoung, J. 2012. Analysis of Financial Statements. Financial Management, 2(1), p.74. Sette, E. 2015. Sorting, Reputation and Entry in a Market for Experts. SSRN Electronic Journal. Velez-Pareja, I. 2012. Financial Analysis and Control - Financial Ratio Analysis. SSRN Electronic Journal.

Pericles Funeral Oration free essay sample

Pericles, the leader of the Athenians had presented this Oration as did his predecessors after their people have fallen in battle. The Oration was to talk about why their very own were fighting in battle and as a result died for their lands and ways of life. This particular Oration was from the early days of the Peloponnesian War. The speech was intended for every Athenian and any others that wished to attend. Prior to the speech, the dead are honored in a similar fashion as we do today with our high ranking public officials or famous people. The honored dead were in a procession, coffins brought through the streets along with one empty coffin for the missing. Eventually, the dead were laid in public sepulcher (tomb) in suburbs of the city. Pericles starts his speech off by honoring their ancestors because it is the right thing to do and one of the requirements by law during these Orations. We will write a custom essay sample on Pericles Funeral Oration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After all if it weren’t for their ancestors, Athens would not be. He then goes into describing their democracy and why it is the best for all to follow. In their democracy, as in any democracy, the laws cover all not just certain groups of people. There is equality for all, even a person with a deformity or poor can serve in a public position. This normally does not happen in a non-democracy government. Pericles goes into depth regarding how the Athens culture has always been like an open door policy. They did not have the military running around the streets enforcing everything, letting one and all who wanted to claim home there do so. Although being a great idea, in their past there has been individuals, â€Å"enemies† found to take advantage of the decent and law abiding people and used it against the people of Athens. Athenians live as they want to, they want and like to be happy and enjoyed life and the freedoms everyone should endure. But they are also willing to drop everything to march off into dangerous times with no assistance or allies while their adversaries would have back-up or sheer numbers as evident of Lacedaemonians, (Sparta). He wanted the Athenians to realize their greatness, this adeptness comes from the fact that warriors fought for something, not because they were told and forced into fighting at such young ages. Athenian warriors fought for their country but also for their family, friends and other communities in the city. Athenians soldiers were not afraid to die for their culture to continue as they thought dying was more honorable than to be only wounded. This has great advantages even today when someone has a purpose to fight for not just because they are being forced to fight. He then goes into saying that they are a city that is the school of Hellas, â€Å"Greece. This meaning the more flexibility of its people of Athens will enrich the power of their city/state. He drove this point that education is meant to upgrade their states worthwhile. Through such teachings the Athenians reputation has been emulated by others. If it weren’t for education we would probably still be in the ancient times. Pericles the whole time is in the comforting frame of mind for the many that came to listen to his speech, after all, many that are there to listen has just lost a loved one, maybe their f ather, husband or brother. He touches on the subject of kids. Saying that the women, who can still bear children, should do so not only to take their minds off the loss of someone but I think it was also meant to increase man power if and when needed. To sum up the Oration in my opinion, this was meant to motivate. It encouraged, inspired and reminded not to mention prepared them for the remainder of the Peloponnesian War with hopes they would all remember the ones that had already took the ultimate sacrifice, death.